Un segundo espectro del autismo: de la conducta a la neurona
Resumen
El trastorno del espectro autista es una alteración del desarrollo neural que se refleja en modificaciones significativas de la conducta infantil. En la versión más reciente del Manual Diagnóstico y Estadístico de Trastornos Mentales, se describe al autismo como un conjunto de modificaciones de la conducta que incluyen decremento en la interacción social, decremento en las habilidades de comunicación verbal o respuestas inapropiadas durante la conversación, manifestaciones de conductas repetitivas o estereotipadas, carencia de empatía para entablar relaciones afectivas y obsesiones inapropiadas sobre objetos específicos. Todo esto acompañado de una habilidad cognitiva que va desde altos niveles de inteligencia hasta alteraciones intelectuales severas. Por ello, ahora se reconoce al autismo como un abanico de conductas agrupadas bajo el concepto de Trastorno del Espectro Autista. Sin embargo, hay otros espectros, como aquel que está directamente relacionado con las bases neurales. En esta revisión se describen las diferentes metodologías para diagnosticar conductualmente al autismo, las comorbilidades que se presentan, las regiones del sistema nervioso central afectadas, y el papel que juegan las neuronas espejo y la glía; con ello se percibe que la etiología del autismo puede presentarse en alguna de estas regiones. A pesar de que los temas no son exhaustivos, tienen el propósito de proponer que el Trastorno del Espectro Autista, que se basa en la conducta, tiene un segundo espectro: aquel que va de la conducta a la neurona.
Abstract
The autism spectrum disorder is an alteration of the neural development manifested in significant modifications of the toddler behavior. In the most recent version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, it is described that autism is a group of behavioral alterations which include decreased social interaction, decreased abilities for verbal communication or inappropriate responses during a conversation, repetitive or stereotyped behaviors, lack of empathy to establish affective relationships, and unappropriated obsessions for specific objects. All of this along with a cognitive ability ranging from higher levels of intelligence to severe intellectual disabilities. Therefore, autism is now recognized as a wide complex of behaviors grouped under the concept of Autism Spectrum Disorder. Notwithstanding, there is another spectrum, the one that is closely related with the neural basis. The present review deals with the different methodologies for the behavioral diagnosis of autism, the existing comorbidities, the affected regions at the central nervous system, and the role of mirror neurons and glia; data indicate that the etiology of autism could be in any of these regions. Although descriptions are not exhaustive, they had the aim to propose that the Autism Spectrum Disorder, based on behavioral information, has a second spectrum: those that goes from behavior to the neuron.
Keywords: Autism; neurodevelopment; comorbidity, ASD.
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.25009/eb.v10i23.2539
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