Participación del sistema nervioso autónomo en la regulación y desarrollo de fisiopatologías testiculares
Resumen
Los testículos son órganos esenciales del sistema reproductor masculino, cuya principal función es llevar a cabo la espermatogénesis y sintetizar hormonas sexuales, especialmente la testosterona. Se sabe que estos órganos están regulados por el eje hipotálamo-hipófisis-testículo (HHT), en el cual participan hormonas como la luteinizante (LH), la foliculoestimulante (FSH) y la testosterona (T), así mismo se ha documentado que el sistema nervioso autónomo (SNA) desempeña un papel en su regulación a través de nervios autonómicos. Uno de estos componentes son los espermáticos superiores e inferiores, los cuales han sido ampliamente estudiados. Los otros corresponden a los nervios hipogástricos y pélvicos, que convergen en el ganglio pélvico mayor (GPM), y de aquí surge la inervación hacia el testículo que les provee de noradrenalina y acetilcolina, neurotransmisores esenciales para el correcto funcionamiento de las funciones testiculares. Hasta el momento, se ha demostrado que la falta de inervación produce alteraciones histológicas en el tejido testicular. No obstante, aún es necesario profundizar en el conocimiento sobre el papel del SNA en la regulación testicular. Por ello, esta revisión tiene como objetivo analizar y destacar la influencia del SNA en la fisiopatología testicular, así como los mecanismos neurofisiológicos que intervienen en dicha regulación.
Abstract
The testes are essential organs of the male reproductive system, whose primary function is to carry out spermatogenesis and synthesize sex hormones, especially testosterone. These organs are known to be regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-testis (HPT) axis, which involves hormones such as luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and testosterone (T). It has also been documented that the autonomic nervous system (ANS) plays a role in their regulation through autonomic nerves. One of these components is the superior and inferior spermatic nerves, which have been extensively studied. The others correspond to the hypogastric and pelvic nerves, which converge in the major pelvic ganglion (MPG), and from here, innervation to the testicle arises, providing them with norepinephrine and acetylcholine, neurotransmitters essential for the proper functioning of testicular functions. To date, it has been demonstrated that lack of innervation produces histological alterations in testicular tissue. However, further understanding of the role of the ANS in testicular regulation is still needed. Therefore, this review aims to analyze and highlight the influence of the ANS on testicular pathophysiology, as well as the neurophysiological mechanisms involved in such regulations.
Keywords: testis; autonomic nerves; neuroregulation.
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.25009/eb.v16i41.2645
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