Resumen
La avulsión de la raíz ventral (ARV) a nivel del plexo braquial o lumbosacro constituye una lesión inhabilitante que produce parálisis motora y dolor neuropático en la extremidad afectada, además de tener repercusiones emocionales y socioeconómicas importantes. Después de la ARV, se observan degeneración de axones sensoriales y motores, pérdida de sinapsis, muerte neuronal y respuestas no neuronales que participan en la formación de la cicatriz glial. Para lograr la regeneración, resulta fundamental favorecer la supervivencia neuronal y promover el crecimiento axonal. Distintos estudios experimentales han evaluado la eficacia de diversas estrategias terapéuticas que promueven la regeneración, así como la ventana temporal óptima para distintos tipos de tratamiento, tales como la microcirugía, los factores neurotróficos, los implantes de células madre y los biomateriales. Esta revisión describe los procesos desencadenados por la ARV, los mecanismos celulares posavulsión y las diferentes intervenciones terapéuticas.
Citas
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