Modelos clásicos de inducción de parkinson
Resumen
La enfermedad de Parkinson (EP) es un trastorno neurodegenerativo y progresivo, que se caracteriza por un conjunto de alteraciones principalmente motoras como consecuencia de la pérdida de más del 70% de neuronas dopaminérgicas en la Sustancia Nigra pars compacta (SNpc), aunque la etiología exacta de esta enfermedad es aún desconocida se ha demostrado su relación con estrés oxidativo comúnmente consecuente a afecciones mitocondriales, procesos neuroinflamatorios, excitotoxicidad, factores neurotróficos y disfunciones proteosomales que concluyen con muerte celular programada o apoptosis. Estos procesos bioquímicos pueden ser reproducidos selectivamente por fármacos como α-metil-para-tirosina, anfetaminas y reserpina, algunos plaguicidas como rotenona y paraquat y toxinas como 6-hidroxidopamina y MPTP; motivo por el que se han empleado para modelar esta condición patológica, con la finalidad del estudio propio de la enfermedad o el desarrollo de técnicas y moléculas que coadyuven a la terapéutica de esta. A pesar de que se han diseñado modelos genéticos para inducir esta enfermedad, no hay referencias de alguno que pueda reproducir todos los procesos fisiopatológicos y características clínicas que en este padecimiento se presentan; por lo que algunos pueden ser más aptos para el modelaje de esta patología. Uno de los más utilizados es la toxina MPTP por su alta capacidad de traspasar barreras biológicas y la elevada similitud de los efectos que produce con los que se presentan en la EP. En esta revisión condensamos las características principales de los modelos de parkinsonismo que hoy en día se emplean, para facilitar la tarea de los investigadores de este campo.
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative and progressive disorder that is characterized by a set of motor disturbances mainly due to the loss of over 70% of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc), although the etiology of this disease is still unknown has shown its relationship with oxidative stress commonly consequent to mitochondrial disorders, neuroinflammatory processes, excitotoxicity, neurotrophic factors and dysfunction proteosomales concluding with programmed cell death or apoptosis. These biochemical processes can be selectively reproduced by drugs such as α-methyl-para-tyrosine, amphetamine and reserpine, as some pesticides such as rotenone and paraquat, some toxins such as MPTP and 6-hydroxydopamine; reason that have been used to model this pathological condition, with the purpose of studying the disease or the development of techniques and molecules that contribute to this therapeutic. Although genetic models are designed to induce the disease, does not exist someone who can reproduce all the pathophysiological processes and clinical characteristics are presented in this condition; so some may be more suitable for modeling this disease. One of the most used is the toxin MPTP; for its high ability to pass biological barriers and the high similarity of the effects produced with those presented in the EP. In this review we condense the main features of the usually Models of Parkinsonism to facilitate the task of researches in this field
Keywords: Parkinson disease; substance nigra; pharmacological models; MPTP; genetic models; parkinsonism.
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.25009/eb.v6i13.2581
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