Efectos de la desnutrición perinatal en el desarrollo del juego juvenil de ratas
Resumen
En la rata el juego social es una respuesta innata, necesaria para promover el desarrollo de habilidades motrices, el rango social y el aprendizaje de respuestas esenciales para sobrevivir. Asimismo, el desarrollo del juego es un proceso complejo donde los protagonistas son expuestos a múltiples influencias sensoriales, y estresores ambientales incluyendo entre otros al aislamiento materno breve y el aporte de alimento. Tanto la malnutrición como la desnutrición perinatal afectan el desarrollo cerebral y sus funciones, al reducir el número de neuronas, depósito de mielina, número de dendritas y los contactos sinápticos en diversas estructuras corticales y sub-corticales que participan en la integración del juego social. En esta revisión se analiza el impacto de diferentes modelos experimentales de restricción de alimento, y cómo el deficiente desarrollo sensorial asociado en diferentes áreas cerebrales pudiera impactar la transmisión, codificación de señales e integración de la actividad neuronal involucrada en el procesado del juego juvenil. Los hallazgos revisados pudieran ser relevantes para la comprensión de las alteraciones en el desarrollo del juego social, dependiente del trastorno sensorial causado por la restricción temprana de alimento. Estas alteraciones interfieren con mecanismos relacionados con la obtención de habilidades motoras, experiencia temprana y la cognición que pueden reconocerse durante la juventud y la adultez.
Abstract
In rats, juvenile play is an innate behavior that improves motor skills, builds social ranking, and provides basic learning experiences for survival. Juvenile play is also a complex process in which the animals are exposed to multisensory signals and environmental stressors, including maternal separation and perinatal food restriction. Perinatal malnutrition or undernutrition impedes brain growth and functions by decreasing neurogenesis, myelination, and the number of dendritic and synaptic contacts at different cortical and subcortical brain areas subserving juvenile play combinations. In this review we examined, in the rat, the impact of experimental models of perinatal food restriction, and how disordered sensory activities at different brain levels may disrupt the transmission, encoding and integration of the neuronal activity underlying the complex expression of juvenile play. Moreover, current findings may be relevant to understand how the sensory impairments provoked by perinatal undernutrition and its associated stressors may alter the mechanisms involved in motor skill development, early-life experiences and cognition as observed in youth and adulthood.
Keywords: Early undernutrition; sensory and play development; rats.
Palabras clave
Referencias
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.25009/eb.v14i34.2619
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