Hormonas y neurociencias
Resumen
En esta revisión se describen algunos aspectos para comprender los efectos de las hormonas y su efecto en el funcionamiento cerebral, utilizando para ello el estudio de la conducta sexual femenina (CSF). Las hormonas esteroides, como el estradiol (E2) y la progesterona (P), juegan un papel importante en el desarrollo y la expresión de dicha conducta. Por ejemplo, se conoce que el E2 prepara al sustrato neural involucrado en la regulación de la CSF (área preóptica; APO o el hipotálamo; HT, etc.) mientras que la P es quien dispara la expresión de dicha conducta. Además, se ha planteado que compuestos con diferentes estructuras químicas como: péptidos (hormona liberadora de gonadotropinas; GnRH, leptina, apelina-13), aminas biogénicas (adrenalina), prostraglandina E2 (PGE2), segundos mensajeros (adenosín monofosfato cíclico; AMPc, guanosín monofosfato cíclico; GMPc, etc.), pueden sustituir al efecto inductor de la P sobre la expresión de la CSF.
Además, se describen algunos estudios realizados desde un punto de vista hormonal, así como celular en roedores, los cuales han contribuido al entendimiento de la fisiología reproductiva. También se describen algunos de los mecanismos intracelulares involucrados en la regulación de la expresión de dicho comportamiento como: a) la fosforilación de proteínas, b) los efectos de leptina y apelina-13, y su posible comunicación cruzada con hormonas esteroides. Finalmente, c) describiremos cómo los astrocitos, al liberar neurotransmisores en respuesta a diversas hormonas, podrían modular a las neuronas del HT involucradas en la liberación de la GnRH, misma que se encuentra en sincronía con la expresión de la CSF.
Abstract
This review describes some aspects to understand the effects of hormones and their impact on brain function, using the study of female sexual behavior (FSB) as a framework. Steroid hormones, such as estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P), play an important role in the development and expression of this behavior. For example, E2 is known to prepare the neural substrate involved in regulating FSB (preoptic area; POA or ventromedial hypothalamus; VMH, etc.), while P triggers the expression of this behavior. Furthermore, it has been suggested that compounds with different chemical structures, such as peptides (gonadotropin-releasing hormone; GnRH, leptin, apelin), biogenic amines (adrenaline), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and second messengers (cyclic adenosine monophosphate; cAMP, cyclic guanosine monophosphate; cGMP, etc.), could substitute for the inductive effect of P on the expression of FSB.
Additionally, some studies conducted from a hormonal and cellular perspective in rodents are described, which have contributed to the understanding of reproductive physiology. The review also outlines some of the intracellular mechanisms involved in regulating the expression of this behavior, such as a) protein phosphorylation, b) the effects of leptin and apelin-13, and their possible cross-communication with steroid hormones. Finally, c) we will describe how astrocytes, by releasing neurotransmitters in response to various hormones, could modulate the VMH neurons involved in the release of GnRH, which is synchronized with the expression of FSB.
Keywords: Lordosis; hormones; estrogen receptor (ER); progesterone receptor (PR).
Palabras clave
Referencias
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.25009/eb.v15i39.2634
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