Nuevas teorías sobre la consciencia
Resumen
Introducción. El problema de la consciencia constituye uno de los mayores retos para la ciencia contemporánea. Aunque desterrada del ámbito de la investigación científica durante varias décadas en el siglo XX, existe un creciente interés en su estudio reflejado en el número de investigaciones que se publica cada año y la gran diversidad de teorías que surgen para intentar explicarla. Objetivo. Realizar una revisión actualizada de las principales teorías sobre la consciencia. Desarrollo. Se describen las teorías más relevantes y actuales sobre la consciencia. Las teorías han sido clasificadas en cuatro grupos en función de su marco epistemológico: teorías cognitivas, metafísicas, cuánticas y neurocientíficas. Conclusiones. No existe por el momento un acuerdo sobre la definición ni el concepto de consciencia. La gran diversidad de teorías existentes, algunas de ellas antagónicas, podría estar reflejando el estado de una ciencia sobre la consciencia todavía inmadura. No se puede concluir si la consciencia es un mero epifenómeno de la actividad cerebral o bien una representación esquemática de la realidad, útil para guiar nuestra conducta en ambientes complejos. La incipiente integración entre ciencia cognitiva y neurociencia, por un lado, y mecánica cuántica y teorías metafísicas, por otro, ofrece nuevas posibilidades teóricas y empíricas no contempladas hasta el momento. Finalmente, el giro de la investigación hacia un mayor interés en el estudio de la consciencia hace posible vislumbrar importantes avances en esta materia en las próximas décadas.
Abstract: The issue of consciousness remains one of the biggest challenges for contemporary science. Despite being neglected from scientific research during some decades of the 20th century, there is growing interest concerning its study as it follows from the great number of publications on this topic and the wide range of theories that arise every year in trying to explain it. Objective. The aim of this paper is to present an updated review of the main theories about consciousness from an historical background of the previous. Development. Theories have been classified into four categories: cognitive theories, metaphysical, quantum and neuroscientific. Conclusions. There is no agreement at the present moment concerning the concept of consciousness. The great diversity of theories, some of them antagonistic, should be reflecting an immature, emerging science about consciousness. Focus diverges from the epiphenomenon view to functional, crucial biological property for survival. The emerging integration between cognitive science and neuroscience, by one side, and quantum mechanics and metaphysical theories, by the other, are creating new theoretical and empirical possibilities unknown in the past decades. Even though a conceptual, theoretical and empirical consensus about consciousness is still far, the growing interest on this topic make possible new directions for the next years.
Keywords: Attention; wareness; consciousness; euroscience; quantum mechanics; qualia.
Palabras clave
Referencias
Nagel T. What is it like to be a bat? Philos Rev 1974 83: 435-50.
Dennett D. Contenido y conciencia. Gedisa, Barcelona. 1996 pp 21-41.
Coleman S. The real combination problem: panpsychism, micro-subjects, and emergence. Erkenntnis 2014 79: 19-44.
Seager W. Theories of consciousness: An introduction and assessment. Routledge, London. 2016 pp 51-59.
Penrose R. Consciousness, the brain, and space-time geometry: an addendum. Some new developments on the Orch OR model for consciousness. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2001 929:105-10.
Olson JA, Landry M, Appourchaux K, Raz A. Simulated thought insertion: Influencing the sense of agency using deception and magic. Conscious Cogn 2016 43: 11-26.
Rothkirch M, Hesselmann G. What we talk about when we talk about unconscious process – a plea for best practices. Front Psychol 2017 8: article 835. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00835. eCollection 2017.
Adolphs R. The unsolved problems of neuroscience. Trends Cogn Sci 2015 19: 173-75.
Blackmore S, Troscianko E. Consciousness: an introduction. Routledge, Oxon 2018 pp 103-27.
Varela FJ. Neurophenomenology: a methodological remedy for the hard problem. J Conscious Stud 1996 3: 330-49.
Dietrich A. Introduction to consciousness. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. 2007 pp 1-61.
Diccionario de la Lengua Española. 23 ed. Madrid: Real Academia Española 2014.
Tirapu-Ustárroz J, Goñi-Sáez F. El problema cerebro-mente (II): sobre la conciencia. Rev Neurol 2016 63: 176-85.
Locke J. Ensayo sobre el entendimiento humano. Editora Nacional, Madrid. 1690/1980 p 165.
Prigatano G, Schacter D. Introduction to awareness of deficit after brain injury. En Prigatano G and D Schacter, Awareness of deficit after brain injury: clinical and theoretical issues. New York: Oxford University Press 1991 3-17.
Aznar-Casanova JA. La consciencia: la interfaz polinómica de la subjetividad. Pirámide, Madrid. 2017 pp 291-328.
Baars B. A cognitive theory of consciousness. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1988 pp 93-250.
Baars B. Global workspace theory of consciousness: toward a cognitive neuroscience of human experience? Prog Brain Res 2005 150: 45-53.
Dehaene S. Consciousness and the brain: Deciphering how the brain codes our thoughts. Viking Penguin, New York. 2014 pp 161-200.
Dennett D. Consciousness explained. MA: MIT Press, Boston 1991 pp 21-43.
Dennett D. Explaining the magic of consciousness. J Cult Evol Psychol 2003 1: 7-19.
Vorhees B. Dennett and the deep blue sea. J Conscious Stud 2000 7: 53-69.
Chalmers DJ. Facing up to the problem of consciousness. J Conscious Stud 1995a 2: 200-19.
Chalmers DJ. How can we construct a science of consciousness? Ann N Y Acad Sci 2013 1303: 25-35.
Chalmers DJ. Naturalistic dualism. In Velmans M, Schneider S, eds. The Blackwell companion to consciousness. MA: Blackwell, Malden 2007 pp 359-68.
Searle J. Why I am not a property dualist. J Conscious Stud 2002 9: 57-64.
Chalmers DJ. Panpsychism and panprotopsychism. In Brüntrup G, Jaskolla L, eds. Panpsychism: Contemporary perspectives. Oxford University Press, New York 2017 pp 19-47.
Hoffman DD, Prakash C. Objects of consciousness. Front Psychol 2014 5: 1-22.
Hoffman DD, Singh M, Prakash, C. The interface theory of perception. Psychon Bull Rev 2015 22: 1480-506.
Hameroff S. Consciousness, the brain, and spacetime geometry. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2001 929: 74-104.
Pensore R. Mechanisms, microtubules and the mind. J Concious Stud 1994b 1: 241-49.
Hameroff S, Penrose R. Consciousness in the universe. A review of the ‘Orch OR’ theory. Phys Life Rev 2014 11: 39-112.
Stapp HP. Mindful universe: Quantum mechanics and the participating observer. Springer, Berlin 2011 pp 85-99.
Pástor-Gómez J. Mecánica cuántica y cerebro: una revisión crítica. Rev Neurol 2002 35: 87-94.
Metzinger T. Neural correlates of consciousness. MA: MIT Press, Cambridge 2000 pp 281-325.
Koch C. The quest for consciousness: a neurobiological approach. CO: Roberts & Co, Englewood 2004 p 104.
Crick F, Koch C. Towards a neurobiological theory of consciousness. Seminars in the Neurosciences 1990 2: 263-75.
Crick F, Koch C. A framework for consciousness. Nat Neurosci 2003 6: 119-26.
Tallon-Baudry C. Oscillatory synchrony as a signature for the unity of visual experience in humans. In Cleeremans A, ed. The unity of consciousness: Binding, integration and dissociation. Oxford University Press, New York 2003 pp 153-67.
Keitel C, Müller MM. Audio-visual synchrony and feature-selective attention co-amplify early visual processing. Exp Brain Res 2016 234: 1221-31.
Edelman GM, Tononi G. A universe of consciousness: How matter becomes imagination. Basic Books, New York 2000 pp 113-157.
Tononi G. Integrated information theory. Scholarpedia 2015 10: 464. URL: http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/integrated_information_theory [29.05.2018].
Aaronson S. Why I am not an Integrated Information Theorist (or, The unconscious expander). 2014 Shtetl-Optimized. URL: www.scottaaronson.com/blog/?p=1799 [30.05.2018].
Morgado I. Psicobiología de la consciencia: conceptos, hipótesis y observaciones clínicas y experimentales. Rev Neurol 2009 49: 251-56.
Graziano M. Consciousness and the social brain. Oxford University Press, New York 2015 pp 59-69.
Calder AJ, Lawrence AD, Keane J, Scott SK, Owen AM, Christoffels I et al. Reading the mind from eye gaze. Neuropsychologia 2002 40: 1129-38.
Corbetta M, Shulman GL. Control of goal-directed and stimulus-driven attention in the brain. Nat Rev Neurosci 2002 3: 201-15.
Mort DJ, Malhotra P, Mannan SK, Rorden C, Pambakian A, Kennard C et al. The anatomy of visual neglect. Brain 2003 126: 1986-97.
Levine J. Materialism and qualia: the explanatory gap. Pacific Philosophical Quaterly 1983 64: 354-61.
Wiese W. Toward a mature science of consciousness. Front Psychol 2018 9: 1-15.
Pennartz C. The brain’s representational power: On consciousness and the integration of modalities. MIT Press, Cambridge MA 2015 p 64.
Flanagan O. Consciousness reconsidered. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA 1992 pp 129-53.
Noë A, Thompson E. Are there neural correlates of consciousness? J Conscious Stud 2004 11: 3-28.
McGinn C. The mysterious flame: conscious minds in a material world. Oxford Books, New York 1999 pp 43-46.
Pinker S. The brain: The mystery of consciousness. 2007 Time: URL: http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1580394-1,00.html [15.02.18]
Goodale MA. How (and why) the visual control of action differs from visual perception. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2014 281: 20140337.
Arias-Navalón JA, Cuadrado-Pérez ML. Física cuántica y conciencia. Rev Neurol 2003 36: 400.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.25009/eb.v10i24.2543
Enlaces refback
- No hay ningún enlace refback.
eNeurobiología es una publicación cuatrimestral editada por el Instituto de Investigaciones Cerebrales de la Universidad Veracruzana. Estamos ubicados en Av. Dr. Luis Castelazo Ayala, s/n, colonia Industrial Ánimas, C.P. 91190, Xalapa-Enríquez, Veracruz, México. Teléfono: 8418900 ext. 13062, www.iice.uv.mx; eneurobiologia@uv.mx. Reserva de Derechos al Uso Exclusivo 04-2023-061314100600-102, otorgada por el Instituto Nacional de Derechos de Autor. ISSN: 2007-3054. Esta obra está bajo una Licencia Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International.