Trastornos de control de impulsos: adicciones conductuales en la enfermedad de Parkinson

Luis Enrique Parra-Medina, José Luis Góngora-Alfaro

Resumen


La enfermedad de Parkinson (EP) es un trastorno neurodegenerativo progresivo e incurable, que afecta con mayor frecuencia a personas de edad avanzada. Su diagnóstico es clínico y se basa en la aparición de varios síntomas motores como: temblor en reposo, bradicinesia, rigidez muscular e inestabilidad postural. Sin embargo, en las últimas décadas se ha reconocido que la EP también se manifiesta con síntomas no motores, entre los cuales se encuentran los trastornos de control de impulsos (TCI), los cuales se definen como conductas realizadas en forma impulsiva-compulsiva que pueden interferir en las principales áreas de funcionamiento de la vida de la persona, hasta el grado de causarle problemas físicos, psicológicos, sociales, jurídicos o financieros. Los TCI han sido vinculados con el uso de la terapia de reemplazo dopaminérgica, en especial de los agonistas de los receptores dopaminérgicos de tipo D3 como el pramipexol. Tradicionalmente cuatro tipos de comportamientos han sido reconocidos y clasificados como TCI y estos son: la hipersexualidad, las compras compulsivas, el juego patológico y la ingesta compulsiva de comida también llamada trastorno de atracones, sólo estos dos últimos están descritos en la edición más reciente del Manual Diagnóstico y Estadístico de los Trastornos Mentales (DSM-5). Por otro lado, existen otras manifestaciones que por sus similitudes neurobiológicas pueden ser consideradas también TCI o adicciones conductuales. En la presente revisión se presenta una somera descripción de las hipótesis acerca de la fisiopatología de los TCI, sus manifestaciones clínicas más importantes, los factores de riesgo para desarrollarlos y algunos abordajes terapéuticos.

Abstract: Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive incurable neurodegenerative disorder, which most often affects the elderly. The diagnosis is clinical and based on the appearance of various motor symptoms such as: rest tremor, bradykinesia, muscle stiffness and postural instability. However, in recent decades it has been recognized that PD also manifests with non-motor symptoms, among which are impulse control disorders (ICD), which are defined as impulsive-compulsive behaviors that can interfere in the main areas of functioning of the person's life, to the extent of causing physical, psychological, social, legal or financial problems. ICD have been linked to the use of dopamine replacement therapy, especially D3-type dopamine receptor agonists such as pramipexole. Traditionally, four types of behaviors have been recognized and classified as ICD and they are: hypersexuality, compulsive shopping, pathological gambling and compulsive food intake, also called binge eating disorder, only these last two are described in the most recent edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). On the other hand, there are other manifestations that due to their neurobiological similarities can also be considered as IDC or behavioral addictions. This review presents a brief description of the hypotheses about the pathophysiology of ICD, its most important clinical manifestations, the risk factors for developing them, and some therapeutic approaches.

Keywords: Parkinson's disease; dopaminergic agonists; impulse control disorders; behavioral addictions.


Palabras clave


Enfermedad de Parkinson; agonistas dopaminérgicos; trastornos de control de impulsos; adicciones conductuales.

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.25009/eb.v11i27.2558

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