La excitabilidad de las células gliales

Daniel Reyes-Haro; Marcelino Montiel-Herrera

doi:10.25009/eb.v13i32.2612

La excitabilidad de las células gliales

Daniel Reyes-Haro, Marcelino Montiel-Herrera

Resumen

En el siglo pasado se consideraba que los ensambles neuronales representaban el único sustrato de cognición. Las neuronas se identifican como células nerviosas excitables que tienen la habilidad de producir potenciales de acción, lo que promueve la liberación de neurotransmisores y la conectividad sináptica. Sin embargo, dado que la neuroglía es el grupo de células nerviosas dominantes y estas no producen potenciales de acción, se pensaba que no eran excitables y que su función se restringía a regular la homeostasis del cerebro. La neuroglía agrupa a la astroglía, la oligodendroglía y la microglía; todas expresan canales iónicos, transportadores y receptores a neurotransmisores, lo que les permite responder a los cambios que ocurren en el ambiente sináptico y extrasináptico. Las respuestas gliales incluyen fluctuaciones iónicas transitorias, así como la señalización intracelular de segundos mensajeros, lo que promueve la liberación de gliotransmisores y resulta en la modulación de la actividad neuronal. En conjunto, estos eventos definen lo que es la excitabilidad glial y su disfunción comienza a documentarse en distintas neuropatologías.

Palabras clave

Neuroglía; señalización de calcio; canales de potasio; epilepsia; autismo; señalización de sodio.

Texto completo:

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.25009/eb.v13i32.2612

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