La adaptación a prismas: una ventana a la conducta y la cognición

Eduardo Reynoso-Cruz; Víctor Galvez; Juan Fernandez-Ruiz

doi:10.25009/eb.v16i41.2643

La adaptación a prismas: una ventana a la conducta y la cognición

Eduardo Reynoso-Cruz, Víctor Galvez, Juan Fernandez-Ruiz

Resumen

La adaptación a prismas (AP) es un paradigma experimental y un área de estudio para comprender el control sensoriomotor, los procesos cognitivos y las áreas anatómicas funcionales del cerebro involucradas en la adaptación visomotora, y que podría aplicarse en diferentes situaciones prácticas. Las investigaciones han revelado que la AP influye en el funcionamiento de la corteza prefrontal y de áreas subcorticales como el cerebelo y los ganglios basales, lo que indica que la AP requiere la participación de mecanismos cognitivos descendentes y ascendentes. Esta revisión ofrece un análisis histórico de los experimentos pioneros de Stratton y Ardigò a finales del siglo XIX, considerados los primeros experimentos de AP. También se discuten teorías que propusieron mecanismos visuales, motores y propioceptivos para la AP, o la teoría de la referencia, que plantea que la AP es el resultado de la retroalimentación de movimientos autogenerados que el cerebro utiliza para predecir eventos y generar una respuesta motora, por mencionar solo dos teorías. Como parte del desarrollo teórico, se describe la importancia de las investigaciones con pacientes o condiciones como las enfermedades de Parkinson y Huntington, que han sido esenciales para describir el papel de diferentes áreas cerebrales. La última parte de la revisión incluye una discusión sobre las aplicaciones clínicas de la AP como herramienta para mejorar la eficiencia de los procedimientos quirúrgicos para el estrabismo o para reducir los errores espaciales en pacientes con negligencia espacial. Así, el lector puede comprender cuán flexible es este paradigma, pero también cuán esencial es la AP para entender cómo funciona y se adapta el cerebro.

Abstract

Prism adaptation (PA) refers to how individuals adjust their motor and perceptual responses to compensate for visual distortions caused by prism lenses. This experimental paradigm is widely used to investigate sensorimotor and cognitive processes underlying adaptation and learning and the neural substrates and mechanisms that support these processes. Research has shown that PA influences the functioning of the prefrontal cortex and subcortical areas such as the cerebellum and basal ganglia, indicating that PA engages both top-down and bottom-up cognitive mechanisms. This review provides a historical overview of the pioneering experiments by Stratton and Ardigò in the late 19th century, which marked the beginning of PA research. It also discusses key theories, such as the proposal of visual, motor, and proprioceptive mechanisms for PA, and the reafference theory., which suggests that PA results from feedback from self-generated movements that the brain uses to predict events and generate motor responses.

Additionally, we emphasize the importance of research involving individuals with conditions such as Parkinson's and Huntington's diseases, which have been instrumental in clarifying the roles of different brain areas. The final section of the review examines the clinical applications of PA, including its use as a tool to improve the efficiency of surgical procedures for strabismus and to reduce spatial errors in patients with spatial neglect. This review aims to provide readers with a comprehensive overview of the methodologies employed in PA research, the cognitive and neural mechanisms required for adapting behavior to visual disruptions, and the potential for PA to evolve from a basic research paradigm into a practical tool for improving various medical conditions.

Keywords: Prism adaptation; top-down mechanisms; bottom-up mechanisms; cognitive control; strabismus; spatial negligence.

Palabras clave

Adaptación a prismas; mecanismos top-down; mecanismos bottom-up; control cognitivo; estrabismo; negligencia espacial.

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.25009/eb.v16i41.2643

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