El vínculo entre calidad de sueño y consumo de drogas en adolescentes
Resumen
El sueño es un ritmo biológico que se presenta cada 24 horas y alterna con la fase de vigilia. Las funciones atribuidas al sueño son diversas, pero destaca su papel en la consolidación de la memoria, en la regulación del metabolismo y en la limpieza del cerebro de desechos tóxicos. Estudios recientes muestran que el sueño tiene un papel neuroprotector al reducir el riesgo de desarrollar conductas nocivas como la ludopatía. Particularmente, la reducción del tiempo de sueño se correlaciona con mayor riesgo de consumo de sustancias psicoactivas. Este riesgo es relevante en los adolescentes por dos razones: el sistema cerebral responsable de la toma de decisiones no alcanza su madurez estructural y funcional y son un grupo etario donde la privación de sueño es recurrente. En este manuscrito se llevó a cabo una revisión narrativa de 48 artículos publicados en los últimos diez años con el objetivo de conocer cómo la reducción recurrente del tiempo de sueño durante la adolescencia puede incrementar la probabilidad de consumo de sustancias psicoactivas. Con los estudios revisados se propone un modelo hipotético que muestra la relación potencial entre la reducción de horas de sueño, la sensibilización del sistema cerebral de la recompensa y el consumo de sustancias psicoactivas.
Abstract
Sleep is a biological rhythm that occurs every 24 hours and alternates with the waking phase. The functions of sleep are diverse, but its role stands out in consolidating memory, regulating metabolism, and cleaning the brain of toxic waste. Recent studies show that sleep has a neuroprotective role by reducing the risk of developing harmful behaviors such as gambling. Particularly, reduced sleep time is correlated with a greater risk of psychoactive substance use. This risk is relevant in adolescents for two reasons: the brain system responsible for decision-making does not reach its structural and functional maturity, and they are an age group where sleep deprivation is recurrent. In this manuscript, a narrative review of 48 articles published in the last ten years was carried out with the objective of knowing how the recurrent reduction in sleep time during adolescence can increase the probability of consumption of psychoactive substances. With the studies reviewed, a hypothetical model is proposed that shows the potential relationship between the reduction in hours of sleep, the sensitization of the brain reward system, and the consumption of psychoactive substances.
Keywords: sleep deprivation; sleep quality; insomnia; teenagers; orexin; drug abuse.
Palabras clave
Referencias
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.25009/eb.v15i38.2631
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