Impacto del estrés psicosocial en la salud
Resumen
A lo largo de la vida, se experimenta estrés físico y mental de muchas formas y debido a gran variedad de circunstancias. Sin embargo, falta mucho por conocer en relación a la participación del estrés en diversas enfermedades. Se cuenta con evidencia de que la liberación constante de glucocorticoides y otras hormonas alteran de manera importante la actividad del eje Hipotálamo-Pituitaria-Adrenal (HPA). La hiperactividad del eje HPA favorece la obesidad y la secreción de hormonas que facilitan procesos inflamatorios que contribuyen al desarrollo de algunos tipos de cáncer, e incluso incrementa el riesgo de sufrir alguna enfermedad cardiovascular y depresión, asimismo amplia evidencia indica que la exposición al estrés en etapas criticas del desarrollo alteran de manera permanente la fisiología general, lo que resulta en alteraciones de tipo endocrino y conductual que son cruciales para la salud. En esta revisión de tipo narrativa se describe cómo factores psicosociales desencadenantes de estrés generan efectos importantes sobre el sistema endocrino e inmune. Nuestra búsqueda de información sugiere que el estrés crónico está vinculado a enfermedades cardiovasculares, obesidad, depresión y cáncer.
Abstract
Throughout life individuals can experience physical and mental stress in many different ways and circumstances. However, much is still unknown regarding the role of stress in various diseases. Evidence indicates that constant release of glucocorticoids and other hormones significantly alter the activity of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis. Hyperactivity of the HPA axis may facilitate obesity and secretion of pro-inflammatory hormones that may contribute to the development of some types of cancer, and may even increase the risk of suffering cardiovascular disease and depression. Likewise, evidence indicates that exposure to stress during critical periods of development permanently alters the general physiology, resulting in endocrine and behavioral disorders that are crucial to health. In this narrative-type review we describe how psychosocial factors triggering stress generate important effects on the endocrine and immune system. Our search for information suggests that chronic stress is linked in cardiovascular disease, obesity, depression and cancer.
Keywords: Stress; cancer; cortisol; inflammation.
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.25009/eb.v8i17.2523
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